Feeding premature babies: milk and food

Babies are considered premature or preterm if they’re born before 37 weeks of pregnancy¹.

Depending on how early your baby arrives into the world, they may need extra care in the neonatal unit of the hospital. When their respiratory and other systems are strong enough, your doctor may decide that they’re ready to transfer to the postnatal or transitional care ward, or to go home.

Instead of a cot, your baby might be nursed in an incubator which is better equipped to keep them warm as they continue to strengthen and develop².

Breast milk is the best form of nourishment for your baby whatever their age. That’s because it provides the perfect combination of essential nutrients your baby needs and is easily digested. It also delivers important immunity-boosting benefits, helping their immune system to mature, and protect them against infection.⁵

However, it might be that your baby isn’t yet mature enough to coordinate the breathing, sucking and swallowing actions that breastfeeding or bottle feeding requires³, as these usually develop between weeks 34 and 36 of pregnancy⁴

Depending on how prematurely your baby has been born, they may need to be fed directly through a vein, called parenteral nutrition, or via a feeding tube⁴.

If your baby is born earlier than 34 weeks of pregnancy, they may be fed milk via a feeding tube until they’re ready to learn to breast or bottle feed independently. The feeding tube goes through your baby’s nose, or their mouth, directly into their stomach5.

Whilst this may sound daunting, the staff on the neonatal unit will show you exactly how this is done and once you feel comfortable doing so, you’ll be able to tube feed your baby yourself.

If your baby is being tube fed, you can feed them your expressed breast milk. Expressing your milk allows your baby to receive all the benefits of breast milk via their feeding tube, whilst building up and maintaining your supply.

Just like breastfeeding, expressing your breast milk can take practice, so you need to give yourself time to learn. Be patient, and don’t worry or feel guilty if you’re not expressing a lot of milk at the beginning⁶ as every little bit will benefit your baby.

Remember you can always ask your midwife or feeding specialist on the neonatal unit for support if you need it.

There are some simple things you can do to try and stimulate your milk supply. If you’re able to do so, having skin to skin contact with your baby as soon as possible is a great way to bond with, feel close to your baby, and increase the amount of milk you make. It can also help to establish breastfeeding, support your baby’s heart rate and breathing, and can reduce the chances of you developing postnatal depression⁵.  

You may find that a warm bath or gentle self-massage helps too.

If you’re using a breast pump to express, it’s worth experimenting with different pumps. Everybody’s different. And whilst a particular breast pump may work for one woman, it might not be the best one for you. 

Hospitals often have them available for mums to borrow, or you may be able to hire different models from a local breastfeeding organisation. Your midwife or healthcare professional should be able to provide you with the information you need about your options¹.

If you decide not to breastfeed or express your milk, your baby might be prescribed a preterm formula by your doctor which is especially designed to help meet the nutritional needs of your baby.

It’s important that you always discuss what type of formula is best for your baby with your doctor and midwife. You can also ask for guidance from the staff working on the neonatal unit on how to make up a bottle safely before going home with your baby.

Combination feeding your baby involves offering your baby expressed breastmilk or formula milk in a bottle, alongside breastfeeding. There are a number of reasons why some women choose to combination feed. For example if they’re unable to produce enough breastmilk or they’re finding it very difficult to breastfeed⁸. 

If this is something you’re considering, be sure to discuss this with your GP or midwife before making your decision. It’s so important that you feel supported and happy with the way you’re feeding your baby, and not becoming stressed or anxious. Seeking the right support is vital.

You might be surprised by how often newborn babies need to be fed, and premature babies are no exception. However, the volume of milk that a new baby’s stomach can tolerate is very small, and the exact amount will depend on a number of different factors. For example how much they weigh, how early they arrived, and their overall health.

That’s why if your baby was born prematurely, it’s up to the medical professionals overseeing their care to advise on the amount of milk they’ll need, how often they’ll need to be fed and the rate of change as your baby gets bigger.

You might be surprised by how often newborn babies need to be fed, and premature babies are no exception. However, the volume of milk that a new baby’s stomach can tolerate is very small, and the exact amount will depend on a number of different factors. For example how much they weigh, how early they arrived, and their overall health.

That’s why if your baby was born prematurely, it’s up to the medical professionals overseeing their care to advise on the amount of milk they’ll need, how often they’ll need to be fed and the rate of change as your baby gets bigger.

If your baby is born prematurely, it might be that they don’t follow the usual developmental milestones of a baby born at full term. How they grow and develop will depend on a number of factors, including how early they arrived.

However, whilst your baby might have some challenges to overcome in the early weeks and months, that’s not to say that being preterm will necessarily affect their ongoing development. With love and encouragement, they’ll reach the milestones they need to, all in their own good time.

Just when you’ve wrapped your head around your premature baby’s milk intake, it’s time to think about weaning. The thought of introducing solid foods to your premature baby’s diet may feel a little daunting, but whilst things may take a little longer for preterm babies, their weaning journey will follow the same principles.

Most babies are ready to start weaning at around 6 months. However, for premature babies it’s especially important to wait until they can develop enough head control before introducing solid foods. This tends to happen when they’re at least three months corrected age⁷.

Some babies (not many) are ready to wean at 5 months, whilst others won’t start eating their first solids until they’re older. It’s important to remember that every baby is different when it comes to weaning. That’s why it’s so important to let your baby lead the way and wait until they show signs that they’re ready for weaning.

Remember to always consult with your health visitor if you think your baby is ready to start weaning, as the advice for weaning premature babies is different to the advice around weaning babies born at full term.

Cow’s milk shouldn’t be introduced into your baby’s diet as their main milk drink until they’re around 15-18 months of age⁶. This is a little later than for full term babies, who can be offered cow’s milk into their diet after 12 months.

If you have any questions or concerns about introducing cow’s milk to your premature baby, or weaning them in general, ask your doctor or health visitor for advice and guidance.

You can find more support, advice, and further information about premature babies at bliss.org.uk.